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Explain about Contraception .... ? " munipalli akshay paul "

Contraception, also known as birth control, refers to methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. It allows individuals or couples to control if and when they want to have children. Contraceptive methods can be temporary or permanent, hormonal or non-hormonal, and reversible or irreversible.

🧠 Why Use Contraception?

  • To prevent unwanted pregnancy

  • For family planning

  • To space out births

  • For health reasons (e.g., avoiding pregnancy due to medical conditions)

  • To manage menstrual symptoms (in some hormonal methods)

  • To help in population control and reproductive health

🩺 Main Types of Contraception:

1. Hormonal Methods

These prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or thin the uterine lining.

Method Description Duration
Oral contraceptive pills Taken daily (estrogen + progestin or progestin-only) Daily
Contraceptive patch Applied to skin; releases hormones Weekly
Vaginal ring Flexible ring inserted into the vagina Monthly
Injectable (Depo-Provera) Hormone injection (progestin) Every 3 months
Implant (e.g., Nexplanon) Rod placed under the skin of the arm Up to 3–5 years
Hormonal IUD (e.g., Mirena) Device inserted into uterus 3–8 years

2. Barrier Methods

Physically block sperm from reaching the egg.

Method Description
Male condoms Worn on the penis; also protects against STDs
Female condoms Worn inside the vagina
Diaphragm or cervical cap Placed inside the vagina to cover the cervix
Spermicides Chemicals that kill sperm; often used with barriers

3. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

Small, T-shaped devices placed in the uterus.

  • Hormonal IUD: Releases progestin

  • Copper IUD: Non-hormonal; creates sperm-toxic environment

🔹 Duration: 5–10 years depending on the type
🔹 Highly effective and long-lasting

4. Permanent Methods (Sterilization)

Surgical options for people who do not want future pregnancies.

Method Description
Tubal ligation Fallopian tubes are cut or sealed (female)
Vasectomy Vas deferens are cut or sealed (male)

5. Natural Methods

Rely on understanding the menstrual cycle and avoiding sex during fertile days.

  • Fertility awareness method

  • Withdrawal method (less reliable)

  • Lactational amenorrhea (temporary method during exclusive breastfeeding)

6. Emergency Contraception

Used after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure.

  • Emergency pills (e.g., levonorgestrel): Within 72 hours

  • Copper IUD: Can be used as emergency contraception within 5 days

📊 Effectiveness of Methods (Typical Use):

Method Effectiveness (%)
Implants, IUDs 99%
Injectable contraceptives 94%
Pills, patch, ring 91%
Male condoms 85%
Diaphragm 88%
Fertility awareness methods 76%
Withdrawal 78%
Emergency contraception Varies by timing

⚠️ Possible Side Effects (Mostly for Hormonal Methods):

  • Weight gain or loss

  • Mood changes

  • Irregular bleeding

  • Breast tenderness

  • Headache or nausea (usually temporary)

Most side effects are mild and temporary. Severe reactions are rare.

🧠 Summary:

Contraception gives individuals the power to choose when and whether to have children. There are many safe and effective options—temporary or permanent, hormonal or non-hormonal—allowing for personalized reproductive health choices.


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