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Explain about Contraception .... ? " munipalli akshay paul "
Contraception, also known as birth control, refers to methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. It allows individuals or couples to control if and when they want to have children. Contraceptive methods can be temporary or permanent, hormonal or non-hormonal, and reversible or irreversible.
🧠 Why Use Contraception?
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To prevent unwanted pregnancy
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For family planning
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To space out births
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For health reasons (e.g., avoiding pregnancy due to medical conditions)
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To manage menstrual symptoms (in some hormonal methods)
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To help in population control and reproductive health
🩺 Main Types of Contraception:
1. Hormonal Methods
These prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or thin the uterine lining.
Method | Description | Duration |
---|---|---|
Oral contraceptive pills | Taken daily (estrogen + progestin or progestin-only) | Daily |
Contraceptive patch | Applied to skin; releases hormones | Weekly |
Vaginal ring | Flexible ring inserted into the vagina | Monthly |
Injectable (Depo-Provera) | Hormone injection (progestin) | Every 3 months |
Implant (e.g., Nexplanon) | Rod placed under the skin of the arm | Up to 3–5 years |
Hormonal IUD (e.g., Mirena) | Device inserted into uterus | 3–8 years |
2. Barrier Methods
Physically block sperm from reaching the egg.
Method | Description |
---|---|
Male condoms | Worn on the penis; also protects against STDs |
Female condoms | Worn inside the vagina |
Diaphragm or cervical cap | Placed inside the vagina to cover the cervix |
Spermicides | Chemicals that kill sperm; often used with barriers |
3. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
Small, T-shaped devices placed in the uterus.
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Hormonal IUD: Releases progestin
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Copper IUD: Non-hormonal; creates sperm-toxic environment
🔹 Duration: 5–10 years depending on the type
🔹 Highly effective and long-lasting
4. Permanent Methods (Sterilization)
Surgical options for people who do not want future pregnancies.
Method | Description |
---|---|
Tubal ligation | Fallopian tubes are cut or sealed (female) |
Vasectomy | Vas deferens are cut or sealed (male) |
5. Natural Methods
Rely on understanding the menstrual cycle and avoiding sex during fertile days.
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Fertility awareness method
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Withdrawal method (less reliable)
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Lactational amenorrhea (temporary method during exclusive breastfeeding)
6. Emergency Contraception
Used after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure.
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Emergency pills (e.g., levonorgestrel): Within 72 hours
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Copper IUD: Can be used as emergency contraception within 5 days
📊 Effectiveness of Methods (Typical Use):
Method | Effectiveness (%) |
---|---|
Implants, IUDs | 99% |
Injectable contraceptives | 94% |
Pills, patch, ring | 91% |
Male condoms | 85% |
Diaphragm | 88% |
Fertility awareness methods | 76% |
Withdrawal | 78% |
Emergency contraception | Varies by timing |
⚠️ Possible Side Effects (Mostly for Hormonal Methods):
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Weight gain or loss
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Mood changes
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Irregular bleeding
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Breast tenderness
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Headache or nausea (usually temporary)
Most side effects are mild and temporary. Severe reactions are rare.
🧠 Summary:
Contraception gives individuals the power to choose when and whether to have children. There are many safe and effective options—temporary or permanent, hormonal or non-hormonal—allowing for personalized reproductive health choices.
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